While classic anti-Semitism still outnumbers Israel-related incidents three-to-one, Israel-related incidents are far more likely to create a hostile campus for Jewish students.

With the summer winding down and students preparing to head back to campus, a new study highlights the evolving threats Jewish and pro-Israel students will face in the upcoming school year.

According to a new comprehensive study by the AMCHA Initiative, a nonpartisan organization dedicated to combating anti-Semitism at American colleges and universities, Israel-related incidents have been more likely to contribute to a hostile environment for Jewish students than incidents of classic anti-Semitism.

The report, which analyzed anti-Semitic incidents from 2015 to the first half of 2018, revealed that Israel-related incidents are becoming significantly more flagrant, with an emergent shift from boycotting Israel to boycotting actual students and student groups.

Despite most incidents corresponding to classic anti-Semitism, which have included genocidal expression, where overall there is less intent to harm, some 94 percent of anti-Israel incidents have occurred with an intent to harm, the report found. Additionally, Israel-related incidents with intent to harm were almost seven times more likely to have numerous perpetrators and seven times more likely to be affiliated with groups compared to classic incidents.

Incidents of genocidal expression include imagery, like the swastika, or language expressing a desire to murder Jews or annihilate the Jewish people. Those occurrences rose exponentially from 46 in 2015 to 113 in 2016 to 153 in 2017. In the first half of 2018, there were only 39, compared to 86 in the first half of 2017, indicating a plausible overall decrease in 2018 if the trend persists.

At the same time, anti-Israel incidents, including harassment, vandalism and assault, in addition to attempts to ostracize and exclude pro-Israel students and staff, increased from three in 2015 to 18 in just the first half of 2018.

“Recent studies have provided quantitative data exposing a dramatic and frightening spike in campus anti-Semitism,” AMCHA director Tammi Rossman-Benjamin told JNS. “But for the first time, we now have both quantitative and qualitative information on which types of incidents most contribute to a hostile environment for Jewish students.”

“While classic anti-Semitism makes up the vast majority of incidents on campus, it is the much more brazen Israel-related incidents, often committed by multiple perpetrators who band together in groups, that are causing the most harm to Jewish students and creating a much more hostile environment,” said Rossman-Benjamin.

Administrators ‘less likely’ to address Israel-related incidents

The report stated that 44 percent of Israel-related incidents “involved behavior intended to silence expression, including shutting down, disrupting, defacing or other attempts to interfere with Israel-related events, displays or trips.”

Read More: JNS